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Simpson's Paradox, Lord's Paradox, and Suppression Effects are the same phenomenon – the reversal paradox

Yu-Kang Tu*, David Gunnell and Mark S Gilthorpe

Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2008, 5:2 doi:10.1186/1742-7622-5-2

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A prospective cohort study of long-term cognitive changes in older Medicare beneficiaries

Fredric D Wolinsky, Suzanne E Bentler, Jason Hockenberry, Michael P Jones, Paula A Weigel, Brian Kaskie, Robert B Wallace BMC Public Health 2011, 11:710 (20 September 2011)

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Partial correlation analysis indicates causal relationships between GC-content, exon density and recombination rate in the human genome

Jan Freudenberg, Mingyi Wang, Yaning Yang, Wentian Li BMC Bioinformatics 2009, 10(Suppl 1):S66 (30 January 2009)

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The role of causal reasoning in understanding Simpson's paradox, Lord's paradox, and the suppression effect: covariate selection in the analysis of observational studies

Onyebuchi A Arah Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2008, 5:5 (26 February 2008)

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